May HG (1919) Contributions to the life histories of Gordius robustus Leidy and Paragordius varius (Leidy). Lanzavecchia G, Valvassori R, de Eguileor M, Lanzavecchia P (1979) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the contractile system of the Nematomorpha muscle fiber.

Lanzavecchia G (1977) Morphological modulations in helical muscles (Aschelminthes and Annelida). The development and structure of the larva. Inoue I (1958) Studies on the life history of Chordodes japonensis a species of Gordiacea. Hanelt B, Janovy J (2002) Morphometric analysis of nonadult characters of common species of American gordiids (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea). Trav Lab Hydrobiol Piscicult Grenoble 22:1–183 Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 197–218ĭorier A (1930) Recherches biologiques et systematiques sur les gordiaces.

In: Harrison FW, Ruppert EE (eds) Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol 4. All fibers show a cross-striated pattern although this striation is less obvious at the ends of the fibers.īresciani J (1991) Nematomorpha. Additional small muscles are associated with the terminal spines and with the duct running from the pseudointestine to the body wall. varius, where instead three pairs of parietal muscles are present. aquaticus, the postseptal parietal muscles, that are located dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally. The posterior portion of the body, the postseptum, possesses four pairs of longitudinal muscle strands in G.

In the anterior portion of the body, the preseptum, four different muscle groups can be distinguished: (1) 12 anterior parietal muscles in the body wall, (2) six oblique muscles that function as retractors of the introvert, (3) six proboscideal muscles, which function as retractors for the proboscis, and (4) six muscles associated with spines of the outermost of the three rings of spines. The musculature of larvae of Gordius aquaticus was investigated by laser-scanning microscopy and compared to transmission electron microscopic data for the larva of Paragordius varius.

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